Showing posts with label 博弈论. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 博弈论. Show all posts

Tuesday, 1 July 2008

蚂蚁看书~《博弈论应用》(Game Theory At Work)

http://books4share.net/?p=8795

Game Theory at Work: How to Use Game Theory to Outthink and Outmaneuver Your Competition

by James Miller
ISBN:0071400206

McGraw-Hill © 2003 (306 pages)

This is an accessible guide to applying game theory to every facet of business in order to improve strategy and decision making and emerge as a tougher competitor in the business world.

Table of Contents 
Game Theory at Work — How to Use Game Theory to Outthink and Outmaneuver Your Competition 
Acknowledgments 
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - Threats, Promises, and Sequential Games
Chapter 3 - The Dangers of Price Competition
Chapter 4 - Simultaneous Games
Chapter 5 - Massive Coordination Games
Chapter 6 - Nash Equilibria
Chapter 7 - Prisoners’ Dilemma
Chapter 8 - Adverse Selection
Chapter 9 - Surviving with Limited Information
Chapter 10 - Price Discrimination and Other Pricing Strategies
Chapter 11 - Holdups
Chapter 12 - Spending Other People’s Money
Chapter 13 - Managing Employees
Chapter 14 - Negotiations
Chapter 15 - Auctions
Chapter 16 - The Stock Market
Chapter 17 - Further Readings and References
Appendix - Study Questions

这本书很实际的把博弈论和我们的现实生活的例子连接起来。为我们一一的讲解博弈论重要的部份。小弟认为,了解博弈论对于了解行为金融学有帮助,也对了解企业的运作策略、管理等等会有帮助。另外,判断企业间的竞争,甚至庄家论、市场有效论等等。

另外,别忘了,很多时候博弈论是先assume大家都是理性以及最聪明的。在现实中,许多不理性的行为导致了许多不是最聪明的决策。而这一些因素其实也有在博弈论里头探讨。

当中第12章的使用别人的金钱——说的就是如果大家一起出去吃东西,然后账单平分的话,会导致怎样的倾向。蛮有趣的。

另外有兴趣做生意的,也可以参考第14章——谈判。里头有提到一名网友、chon所认识的一个老板所采取的策略——放弃控制权。

而第16章——股票市场,其实比较着重于讲解一些股票评论者、市场对新闻的反应的速度、生产者偏差(Survivor Bias)等等,一些反映在投资的博弈论。

Saturday, 23 June 2007

蚂蚁搬家


有时候,天气好好的,却看到蚂蚁在搬家。
当蚂蚁搬完家了,不久后,开始乌云满布。
一会儿就下雨了。

蚂蚁在它们一开始探测到要下雨的时候,
就开始搬家了。
真正下雨的时候,蚂蚁已经不用搬家了。

股市也一样。
当消息发出来时,股价就会跟着调整了。
举个例说,一家制药公司发布声明说它在下个月会得到制造某个药物的专利权。
这个专利预计会为这家公司带来每股$5 的利润。
那么股价会等下个月才升吗?

反过来,如果制药公司的特权要在下个月过期了,
那么股价会等下个月才跌吗?

不会,股价马上就会调整。

这是博弈论的一个推论。

拍卖$100的纸币(二)

拍卖$100的纸币(一)

同样的$100纸币,如果被收进一个盒子里拍卖的话,
那么结局就会不一样了。

假设拍卖过后,竞价胜利者能拿走盒子和盒子里的东西的话,
那么结果会怎么样呢?

这时候就要看谁能够最准确的判断出盒子里的物品的价值了。
这时候,不但只是观察和估价,小道消息也变得格外重要。

譬如说,大家选择相信盒子和里面的物品值$100,
而小王却认为总值是$102。
那么如果小王能抢先叫价$100的话,那就没人会再提高价格了。
可是如果被别人先叫价$100的话,小王还是能以$101的价格成交。

这里我们可以看见时机的重要性。
如果在以上的价格加上几个零的话,那么抢到先机会省下一大笔呢。

股票交易就像以上的情形。只是股票的价值会更加不稳定。
随着市场的变化,当一家公司拿下一个大订单,
或是被发现做假账等不同的因数都会导致大家对它的价值有所改变。

所以在股市里,捉准时机是很重要的。
不但只是要买对时候,也要卖对时机。
不然大江东去浪淘尽后,就节哀顺变了...

拍卖$100的纸币

想像一下,如果你在拍卖会中,正在拍卖的物品是$100的纸币。
底价是$1起跳,
你认为最后成交的价钱是什么呢 ?

结果是会由$100成交。

为什么呢?
叫价$2的,可赚$98。
可是一定会有人提高价码,因为叫价$3还赚$97呢!
如此类推,一直叫到$99都还可以赚$1。

这个时候,可能叫$99的人就站在你隔壁,
而你呢,看着这个人,心想反正再加价到$100我也不会亏...
你就举了手,叫价$100了。

如果在场的人都保持理智的话,那么就一定会以$100成交了。
再提高价码就要亏损了。

这就是市场的定律,当每个人都知道一件东西的价值时,
并且每个人都认为那件东西的价值是一样的话,
那么就一定会以那个价值成交。

What is Game Theory?


First, it has nothing to do with video games or computer games. (To be honest, I start reading in this area because I thought they're linked)
Game theory, is a theory about decision making involving returns/benefits.
In our daily life, game theory can be applied almost everywhere without us realizing it.

A most common scenario would be when you bargain for goods. (like in lowyat)
While the buyer wants to buy with as low price as possible, the seller would want to sell at as high as possible.

Thats why in shops where the prices are not fixed, seller often puts on a price tag that is much higher than a normal price that they want to sell. So that when buyer bargains with them, they can "lower" the price a give the buyer the feeling that they bought a good deal.

For the buyers, there's an old trick that most people know - walk away. By pretending to walk away, the buyers could see whether the seller is really selling at the lowest price they could offer. If they refuse to further lower the price, it means that it reached the lowest price that the seller could accept. The buyer can just go to another shop and bargain for that price.

You probably very familiar with these situations without realizing its actually applying the Game Theory.
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